What is multithreading?

Multithreading is a widespread programming and execution model that allows multiple threads to exist within the context of one process. They share the process’s resources, but they are able to execute independently while the single threading is the processing of one command at a time.

The purpose of threading is to allow computer to do more than one thing at a time. In a single core computer, multithreading won’t give much advantages for overall speed. But for computer with multiple processor cores (which is so common these days), multithreading can take advantage of additional cores to perform separate instructions at the same time or by splitting the tasks between the cores.

Let’s create a simple base program for testing

using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Threading;

namespace MultithreadingProgramming
{
    internal class Program
    {
        private const int threadCount = 1000; // No. of threads to be spawned
        private const int totalCount = 100000; // No. of spins the actual work is carried out

        // PROGRAM ENTRY FUNCTION
        private static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            // Code to perform CPU intensive task will be here
        }

        private static void ComplexWork(int n)
        {
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
            {
                for (int i = 1; i < 100; i++)
                {
                    Fac(i);
                }
            }
        }

        private static double Fac(double n)
        {
            if (n > 1)
            {
                return n * Fac(n - 1);
            }
            else
            {
                return 1;
            }
        }
    }
}

Single threading programming

First, let’s see the benchmark for single threading.

private static void Main(string[] args)
{
    Thread.CurrentThread.Priority = ThreadPriority.Highest;
    Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
    ComplexWork(totalCount); // single threading
    sw.Stop();
    Console.WriteLine("Single threading - elapsed time: {0}ms", sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}

Result:

Single threading - elapsed time: 8419ms

Multithreading programming using Thread class

The Thread class is used for creating and manipulating a thread in Windows.

private static void Main(string[] args)
{
    Thread.CurrentThread.Priority = ThreadPriority.Highest;
    RunThreadMode(); // multithreading - using Thread
}

/// <summary>
/// Spawns new threads based on the thread count and starts the activity.
/// </summary>
private static void RunThreadMode()
{
    Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
    Thread[] t = new Thread[threadCount];

    for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++)
    {
        t[i] = new Thread(() =>
        {
            ComplexWork(totalCount / threadCount);
        });
        t[i].Priority = ThreadPriority.Highest;
        t[i].Start();
    }

    // Waits for all the threads to finish.
    foreach (var ct in t)
    {
        ct.Join();
    }
    sw.Stop();
    Console.WriteLine("Using Thread - elapsed time: {0}ms", sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}

Result:

Using Thread - elapsed time: 7532ms

Multithreading programming using ThreadPool

The ThreadPool class manages a group of threads in which tasks are added to a queue and automatically started when threads are created.

private static void Main(string[] args)
{
    Thread.CurrentThread.Priority = ThreadPriority.Highest;
    RunInThreadPool(); // multithreading - using ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem
}

/// <summary>
/// Executes the task in a thread pooling context.
/// </summary>
private static void RunInThreadPool()
{
    Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
    using (CountdownEvent signaler = new CountdownEvent(threadCount))
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++)
        {
            ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem((x) =>
            {
                ComplexWork(totalCount / threadCount);
                signaler.Signal();
            });
        }
        signaler.Wait();
    }
    sw.Stop();
    Console.WriteLine("Using ThreadPool - elapsed time: {0}ms", sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}

Result:

Using ThreadPool - elapsed time: 2901ms

Multithreading programming using Task

A Task represents asynchronous operation and is part of the Task Parallel Library, a set of APIs for running tasks asynchronously and in parallel.

private static void Main(string[] args)
{
    Thread.CurrentThread.Priority = ThreadPriority.Highest;
    RunTaskMode(); // multithreading - using Task
}

/// <summary>
/// Creates a new task based on the TPL library.
/// </summary>
private static void RunTaskMode()
{
    Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
    Task[] taskList = new Task[threadCount];
    for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++)
    {
        taskList[i] = new Task(new Action(() =>
        {
            ComplexWork(totalCount / threadCount);
        }));
        taskList[i].Start();
    }
    Task.WaitAll(taskList);
    sw.Stop();
    Console.WriteLine("Using Task - elapsed time: {0}ms", sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}

Result:

Using Task - elapsed time: 3061ms

Multithreading programming using BackgroundWorker

The BackgroundWorker class executes an operation on a separate thread.

private static void Main(string[] args)
{
    Thread.CurrentThread.Priority = ThreadPriority.Highest;
    RunInBackgroundWorker(); // multithreading - using BackgroundWorker
}

/// <summary>
/// Starts BackgroundWorker to perform the same action.
/// </summary>
private static void RunInBackgroundWorker()
{
    Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
    BackgroundWorker[] backgroundWorkerList = new BackgroundWorker[threadCount];
    using (CountdownEvent signaler = new CountdownEvent(threadCount))
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++)
        {
            backgroundWorkerList[i] = new BackgroundWorker();
            backgroundWorkerList[i].DoWork += delegate (object sender, DoWorkEventArgs e)
            {
                ComplexWork(totalCount / threadCount);
                signaler.Signal();
            };
            backgroundWorkerList[i].RunWorkerAsync();
        }
        signaler.Wait();
    }
    sw.Stop();
    Console.WriteLine("Using BackgroundWorker - elapsed time: {0}ms", sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}

Result:

Using BackgroundWorker - elapsed time: 3100ms

Overall results

Single threading	8419ms
Multithreading using Thread	7532ms
Multithreading using ThreadPool	2901ms
Multithreading using Task	3061ms
Multithreading using BackgroundWorker	3100ms

PC Specs: Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-4130 CPU @ 3.40GHz (2 cores, 4 threads)

From the results above, I can say that ThreadPool, Task and BackgroundWorker can perform 2x faster compared to Thread and single threading method. Of course, the single threading method is the slowest.

If you’re going to perform any CPU intensive task, you can always take advantage of multithreading programming in your code to have better performance in your application. I could say that BackgroundWorker class is easy to use and very popular among developers I have been working with.